Jumat, 19 Juli 2013

Perkembangan Teknologi Internet.ppt

link di bawah ini adalah tugas blog saya yang mencantumkan file ppt yang bertemakan teknologi

silakan di klik untuk melihat presentasi dari saya :

https://docs.google.com/file/d/0B-w7Ne002i4OUVpkb3FuWHRuT28/edit?usp=sharing

Kamis, 18 Juli 2013

Muhadjir Effendy

biografirektor
Muhadjir Effendy menjadi rektor kelima Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang (UMM) mulai tahun 2000.  Muhadjir merupakan seorang sosiolog yang ahli di bidangmiliter dan sekaligus sebagai intelektual muslim.  Karier di UMM diawali sebagai karyawan honorer, dosen, dan kemudian mulai menjabat sebagai Pembantu Rektor III sejak tahun 1984 pada saat rektor dijabat oleh Prof.Malik Fadjar, M.Sc.. Pada tahun 1996, dia dipercaya oleh UMM menjadi Pembantu Rektor I dan berakhir pada tahun 2000 saat dia terpilih menjadi rektor.  Selain mengajar di Fak. Ilmu Sosial dan Ilmu Politik UMM, Muhadjir juga sebagai dosen tetap di Fak. Ilmu Pendidikan, Program Studi Pendidikan Luar Sekolah, Universitas Negeri Malang (UM).
Selain mengabdikan diri di bidang pendidikan, Muhadjir juga dikenal sebagai seorang kolumnis yang banyak menyoroti masalah agama, pendidikan, sosial, politik dan juga tentang kemiliteran.  Kemampuannya menulis esai didasari oleh pengalaman sewaktu mahasiswa sebagai seorang wartawan yang membidani lahirnya ”Komunikasi”, koran kampus di tempatnya kuliah dan mengajar  (UM) dan koran kampus Bestari di UMM.  Kegiatan sosial banyak dilakukan dengan perannya sebagai pengurus Muhammadiyah mulai tingkat ranting hingga PP   PP Muhammadiyah.  Selain itu juga dipercaya menjadi salah satu anggota Badan Narkotika Nasional, Pendekar Tapak Suci, Pengurus HMI, Dewan Penasehat Asosiasi Wartawan Indoensia wilayah Malang Raya, dan bahkan sempat mengabdikan di bidang politik sebagai salah satu Ketua di Dewan Pakar Golkar daerah Malang.  

   



 Muhadjir Effendy dilahirkan di Madiun, tanggal 29 Juli 1956, putra ke-6 (dari 9 bersaudara) dari Bpk. Soeroja dan Ibu Sri Soebita.  Kedua orang tuanya telah wafat beberapa tahun lampau.  Semasa hidup, ayahnya mengabdikan diri sebagai guru madrasah, kepala desa, aktif di partai politik Masyumi dan berdedikasi di bidang kesenian tradisional sebagai seorang dalang wayang kulit.  Setelah menempuh pendidikan formal mulai SD hingga PGAN 6 tahun di daerah asalnya, Muhadjir kemudian melanjutkan kuliah di IAIN Malang dan memperoleh gelar Sarjana Muda (BA) tahun 1978.  Selanjutnya dia menyelesaikan studi dan memperoleh gelar sarjana di IKIP Negeri Malang (sekarang UM) tahun 1982.  Pendidikan strata 2 diselesaikan di Program Pascasarjana Universitas Gadjah Mada dan memperoleh gelar MagisterAdministrasi Publik (MAP) tahun 1996.  Tahun 2008, Muhadjir berhasil menyelesaikan pendidikan strata 3 pada Jurusan Ilmu-ilmu Soaial dan memperoleh gelar doktor bidang sosiologi militer di Program DoktorUniversitas Airlangga.  Selain pendidikan formal, dia juga beberapa kali mengikuti kursus di luar negeri, antara lain di National Defence UniversityWashington DC (1993) dan di Victoria University, British Columbia, Canada (1991).
Semasa kuliah, Muhadjir menekuni profesi sebagai wartawan di beberapa koran, antara lain:  Komunikasi(koran kampus IKIP Malang) sejak tahun 1982, koran Bestari UMM (1986), majalah Semesta Surabaya (1979-1980), koran Warta Mahasiswa (Dirjen Dikti) 1978-1982, koran Mimbar Univ. Brawijaya (1978-1980), dan Mingguan Mahasiswa (Surabaya) pada tahun 1978.  Hingga sekarang, dia masih aktif menulis berbagai artikel di beberapa koran lokal, regional Muhadjir juga sudah menulis banyak buku, antara lain: Dunia Perguruan Tinggi dan Kemahasiswaan bersama Prof. H.A. Malik Fadjar, M.Sc. (1989), Bunga Rampai Pendidikan (1992), Masyarakat Ekuilibrium:Meniti Perubahan dalam Bingkai Keseimbangan (2002),Pedagogi Kemanusiaan: Sebuah Refleksi (2004), Profesionalisme Militer: Profesionalisme TNI (2008), dan lain-lain.  Pada buku terakhirnya ini, Muhadjir menguraikan tentang profesionalisme militer, khususnyaTNI, setelah era reformasi.

Muhadjir Effendy yang menikah dengan Suryan Widati, SE.,MSA.,Ak. (dosen Poltek Negeri Malang) kini dikaruniai dua orang putra: Muktam Roya Azidan (Zidan) yang lahir pada 9 Maret 2005 dan Senoshaumi Hably (lahir 9 Oktober 2006).

www.umm.ac.id

Adam Smith



Adam Smith (5 June 1723 OS (16 June 1723 NS) – 17 July 1790) was a Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economy. One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment,[1] Adam Smith is best known for two classic works: The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759), and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations (1776). The latter, usually abbreviated as The Wealth of Nations, is considered his magnum opusand the first modern work of economics. Smith is cited as the "father of modern economics" and is still among the most influential thinkers in the field of economics today.[2]
Smith studied social philosophy at the University of Glasgow and at Balliol College, Oxford, where he was one of the first students to benefit from scholarships set up by his fellow Glaswegian John Snell. After graduating, he delivered a successful series of public lectures at the University of Edinburgh, leading him to collaborate with David Hume during the Scottish Enlightenment. Smith obtained a professorship at Glasgow teaching moral philosophy, and during this time he wrote and published The Theory of Moral Sentiments. In his later life, he took a tutoring position that allowed him to travel throughout Europe, where he met other intellectual leaders of his day. Smith then returned home and spent the next ten years writing The Wealth of Nations, publishing it in 1776. He died in 1790 at the age of 67.


Early life

Smith was born in Kirkcaldy, Fife, Scotland. His father, also named Adam Smith, was a lawyer, civil servant, and widower who married Margaret Douglas in 1720 and died two months after Smith was born. Although the date of Smith's birth is unknown, his baptism was recorded on 5 June 1723 at Kirkcaldy. Though few events in Smith's early childhood are known, Scottish journalist and Smith's biographer John Rae recorded that Smith was abducted by gypsies at the age of four and released when others went to rescue him. Smith was close to his mother, who likely encouraged him to pursue his scholarly ambitions. He attended the Burgh School of Kirkcaldy – characterised by Rae as "one of the best secondary schools of Scotland at that period" – from 1729 to 1737. While there, Smith studied Latin, mathematics, history, and writing.



Formal education

Smith entered the University of Glasgow when he was fourteen and studied moral philosophy under Francis Hutcheson. Here, Smith developed his passion forliberty, reason, and free speech. In 1740 Smith was awarded the Snell exhibition and left to attend Balliol College, Oxford.

Smith considered the teaching at Glasgow far superior to that at Oxford, which he found intellectually stifling.[8] In Book V, Chapter II of The Wealth of Nations, Smith wrote: "In the University of Oxford, the greater part of the public professors have, for these many years, given up altogether even the pretence of teaching." Smith is also reported to have complained to friends that Oxford officials once discovered him reading a copy of David Hume's Treatise on Human Nature, and they subsequently confiscated his book and punished him severely for reading it.[5][9][10] According to William Robert Scott, "The Oxford of [Smith's] time gave little if any help towards what was to be his lifework." Nevertheless, Smith took the opportunity while at Oxford to teach himself several subjects by reading many books from the shelves of the large Oxford library. When Smith was not studying on his own, his time at Oxford was not a happy one, according to his letters. Near the end of his time at Oxford, Smith began suffering from shaking fits, probably the symptoms of a nervous breakdown. He left Oxford University in 1746, before his scholarship ended.
In Book V of The Wealth of Nations, Smith comments on the low quality of instruction and the meager intellectual activity at English universities, when compared to their Scottish counterparts. He attributes this both to the rich endowments of the colleges at Oxford and Cambridge, which made the income of professors independent of their ability to attract students, and to the fact that distinguished men of letters could make an even more comfortable living as ministers of the Church of England.
Smith's discontent at Oxford might be in part due to the absence of his beloved teacher in Glasgow, Francis Hutcheson. Hutcheson was well regarded as one of the most prominent lecturers at the University of Glasgow in his day and earned the approbation of students, colleagues, and even ordinary residents with the fervor and earnestness of his orations (which he sometimes opened to the public). His lectures endeavored not merely to teach philosophy but to make his students embody that philosophy in their lives, appropriately acquiring the epithet, the preacher of philosophy. Unlike Smith, Hutcheson was not a system builder; rather it was his magnetic personality and method of lecturing that so influenced his students and caused the greatest of those to reverentially refer to him as "the never to be forgotten Hutcheson" – a title that Smith in all his correspondence used to describe only two people, his good friend David Hume and influential mentor Francis Hutcheson.


Teaching career

Smith began delivering public lectures in 1748 in University of Edinburgh, sponsored by the Philosophical Society of Edinburgh under the patronage of Lord Kames. His lecture topics includedrhetoric and belles-lettres, and later the subject of "the progress of opulence". On this latter topic he first expounded his economic philosophy of "the obvious and simple system of natural liberty". While Smith was not adept at public speaking, his lectures met with success.

A man posing for a painting
David Hume was a friend and contemporary of Smith.
In 1750, he met the philosopher David Hume, who was his senior by more than a decade. In their writings covering history, politics, philosophy, economics, and religion, Smith and Hume shared closer intellectual and personal bonds than with other important figures of the Scottish Enlightenment.
In 1751, Smith earned a professorship at Glasgow University teaching logic courses, and in 1752 Smith was elected a member of the Philosophical Society of Edinburgh, having been introduced to the society by Lord Kames. When the head of Moral Philosophy died the next year, Smith took over the position.[19] He worked as an academic for the next thirteen years, which he characterized as "by far the most useful and therefore by far the happiest and most honorable period [of his life]".
Smith published The Theory of Moral Sentiments in 1759, embodying some of his Glasgow lectures. This work was concerned with how human morality depends on sympathy between agent and spectator, or the individual and other members of society. Smith defined "mutual sympathy" as the basis of moral sentiments. He bases his explanation, not on a special "moral sense" as the Third Lord Shaftesbury and Hutcheson had done, nor on utility as Hume did, but on mutual sympathy, a term best captured in modern parlance by the twentieth-century concept of empathy, the capacity to recognize feelings that are being experienced by another being.
Following the publication of The Theory of Moral Sentiments, Smith became so popular that many wealthy students left their schools in other countries to enroll at Glasgow to learn under Smith. After the publication of The Theory of Moral Sentiments, Smith began to give more attention to jurisprudence and economics in his lectures and less to his theories of morals. For example, Smith lectured that the cause of increase in national wealth is labor, rather than the nation's quantity of gold or silver, which is the basis for mercantilism, the economic theory that dominated Western European economic policies at the time.
In 1762, the University of Glasgow conferred on Smith the title of Doctor of Laws (LL.D.). At the end of 1763, he obtained an offer from Charles Townshend – who had been introduced to Smith by David Hume – to tutor his stepson, Henry Scott, the young Duke of Buccleuch. Smith then resigned from his professorship to take the tutoring position, and he subsequently attempted to return the fees he had collected from his students because he resigned in the middle of the term, but his students refused.






Tutoring and travels

Smith's tutoring job entailed touring Europe with Scott, during which time he educated Scott on a variety of subjects – such as proper Polish. He was paid£300 per year (plus expenses) along with a £300 per year pension; roughly twice his former income as a teacher. Smith first travelled as a tutor to Toulouse,France, where he stayed for one and a half years. According to his own account, he found Toulouse to be somewhat boring, having written to Hume that he "had begun to write a book to pass away the time". After touring the south of France, the group moved to Geneva, where Smith met with the philosopherVoltaire.

From Geneva, the party moved to Paris. Here Smith came to know several great intellectual leaders of the time; invariably having an effect on his future works. This list included: Benjamin FranklinTurgotJean D'AlembertAndré MorelletHelvétius, and, notably, François Quesnay, the head of the Physiocratic school. So impressed with his ideas Smith considered dedicating The Wealth of Nations to him – had Quesnay not died beforehand. Physiocrats were opposed to mercantilism, the dominating economic theory of the time. Illustrated in their motto Laissez faire et laissez passer, le monde va de lui même! (Let do and let pass, the world goes on by itself!). They were also known to have declared that only agricultural activity produced real wealth; merchants and industrialists (manufacturers) did not. This however, did not represent their true school of thought, but was a mere "smoke screen" manufactured to hide their actual criticisms of the nobility and church; arguing that they made up the only real clients of merchants and manufacturers. The wealth of France was virtually destroyed by Louis XIV and Louis XV to ruinous wars, by aiding the American insurgents against the British, and perhaps most destructive (in terms of public perceptions) was what was seen as the excessive consumption of goods and services deemed to have no economic contribution – unproductive labour. Assuming that nobility and church are essentially detractors from economic growth, the feudal system of agriculture in France was the only sector important to maintain the wealth of the nation. Given that the English economy of the day yielded an income distribution that stood in contrast to that which existed in France, Smith concluded that the teachings and beliefs of Physiocrats were, "with all [their] imperfections [perhaps], the nearest approximation to the truth that has yet been published upon the subject of political economy". The distinction between productive versus unproductive labour – the physiocratic classe steril – was a predominant issue in the development and understanding of what would become classical economic theory.



Later years

In 1766, Henry Scott's younger brother died in Paris, and Smith's tour as a tutor ended shortly thereafter. Smith returned home that year to Kirkcaldy, and he devoted much of the next ten years to his magnum opus. There he befriended Henry Moyes, a young blind man who showed precocious aptitude. As well as teaching Moyes, Smith secured the patronage of David Hume and Thomas Reid in the young man's education. In May 1773, Smith was elected fellow of the Royal Society of London, and was elected a member of the Literary Club in 1775. The Wealth of Nations was published in 1776 and was an instant success, selling out its first edition in only six months.

In 1778, Smith was appointed to a post as commissioner of customs in Scotland and went to live with his mother in Panmure House in Edinburgh's Canongate. Five years later, as a member of the Philosophical Society of Edinburgh when it received its royal charter, he automatically became one of the founding members of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and from 1787 to 1789 he occupied the honorary position of Lord Rector of the University of Glasgow. He died in the northern wing of Panmure House in Edinburgh on 17 July 1790 after a painful illness and was buried in the Canongate Kirkyard. On his death bed, Smith expressed disappointment that he had not achieved more.
Smith's literary executors were two friends from the Scottish academic world: the physicist and chemist Joseph Black, and the pioneering geologist James Hutton. Smith left behind many notes and some unpublished material, but gave instructions to destroy anything that was not fit for publication. He mentioned an early unpublished History of Astronomy as probably suitable, and it duly appeared in 1795, along with other material such as Essays on Philosophical Subjects.
Smith's library went by his will to David Douglas, Lord Reston (son of his cousin Colonel Robert Douglas of Strathendry, Fife), who lived with Smith. It was eventually divided between his two surviving children, Cecilia Margaret (Mrs. Cunningham) and David Anne (Mrs. Bannerman). On the death of her husband, the Rev. W. B. Cunningham of Prestonpans in 1878, Mrs. Cunningham sold some of the books. The remainder passed to her son, Professor Robert Oliver Cunningham of Queen's College, Belfast, who presented a part to the library of Queen's College. After his death the remaining books were sold. On the death of Mrs. Bannerman in 1879 her portion of the library went intact to the New College (of the Free Church), Edinburgh.


Character


Not much is known about Smith's personal views beyond what can be deduced from his published articles. His personal papers were destroyed after his death at his request.[44] He never married, and seems to have maintained a close relationship with his mother, with whom he lived after his return from France and who died six years before his own death.

Smith was described by several of his contemporaries and biographers as comically absent-minded, with peculiar habits of speech and gait, and a smile of "inexpressible benignity". He was known to talk to himself, a habit that began during his childhood when he would smile in rapt conversation with invisible companions. He also had occasional spells of imaginary illness, and he is reported to have had books and papers placed in tall stacks in his study.According to one story, Smith took Charles Townshend on a tour of a tanning factory, and while discussing free trade, Smith walked into a huge tanning pit from which he needed help to escape. He is also said to have put bread and butter into a teapot, drunk the concoction, and declared it to be the worst cup of tea he ever had. According to another account, Smith distractedly went out walking in his nightgown and ended up 15 miles (24 km) outside of town, before nearby church bells brought him back to reality.
James Boswell who was a student of Smith's at Glasgow University, and later knew him at the Literary Club, says that Smith thought that speaking about his ideas in conversation might reduce the sale of his books, and so his conversation was unimpressive. According to Boswell, he once told Sir Joshua Reynoldsthat 'he made it a rule when in company never to talk of what he understood'.
A drawing of a man standing up, with one hand holding a cane and the other pointing at a book
Portrait of Smith by John Kay, 1790
Smith, who is reported to have been an odd-looking fellow, has been described as someone who "had a large nose, bulging eyes, a protruding lower lip, a nervous twitch, and a speech impediment". Smith is said to have acknowledged his looks at one point, saying, "I am a beau in nothing but my books." Smith rarely sat for portraits, so almost all depictions of him created during his lifetime were drawn from memory. The best-known portraits of Smith are the profile by James Tassie and two etchings by John Kay. The line engravings produced for the covers of 19th century reprints of The Wealth of Nations were based largely on Tassie's medallion.








From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Thomas Alva Edison




















Thomas Alva Edison (lahir 11 Februari 1847 – meninggal 18 Oktober 1931 pada umur 84 tahun) adalah penemu dan pengusaha yang mengembangkan banyak peralatan penting. Si Penyihir Menlo Park ini merupakan salah seorang penemu pertama yang menerapkan prinsip produksi massal pada proses penemuan.




Masa kecil

Ia lahir di Milan, Ohio, Amerika Serikat pada tanggal 11 Februari 1847. Pada masa kecilnya di Amerika Serikat,Edison selalu mendapat nilai buruk di sekolahnya. Oleh karena itu ibunya memberhentikannya dari sekolah dan mengajar sendiri di rumah. Di rumah dengan leluasa Edison kecil dapat membaca buku-buku ilmiah dewasa dan mulai mengadakan berbagai percobaan ilmiah sendiri. Pada Usia 12 tahun ia mulai bekerja sebagai penjual koran, buah-buahan dan gula-gula di kereta api. Kemudian ia menjadi operator telegraf, Ia pindah dari satu kota ke kota lain. Di New York ia diminta untuk menjadi kepala mesin telegraf yang penting. Mesin-mesin itu mengirimkan berita bisnis ke seluruh perusahaan terkemuka di New York.



Masa muda

Pada tahun 1870 ia menemukan mesin telegraf yang lebih baik. Mesin-mesinnya dapat mencetak pesan-pesan di atas pita kertas yang panjang. Uang yang dihasilkan dari penemuannya itu cukup untuk mendirikan perusahaan sendiri. Pada tahun 1874 ia pindah ke Menlo Park, New Jersey. Disana ia membuat sebuah bengkel ilmiah yang besar dan yang pertama di dunia. Setelah itu ia banyak melakukan penemuan-penemuan yang penting. Pada tahun 1877 ia menemukan Gramofon. Dalam tahun 1879 ia berhasil menemukan lampu listrik kemudian ia juga menemukan proyektoruntuk film-film kecil. Tahun 1882 ia memasang lampu-lampu listrik di jalan-jalan dan rumah-rumah sejauh satu kilometer di kota New York. Hal ini adalah pertama kalinya di dunia lampu listrik di pakai di jalan-jalan. Pada tahun 1890, ia mendirikan perusahaan General Electric.


Edison dipandang sebagai salah seorang pencipta paling produktif pada masanya, memegang rekor 1.093 paten atas namanya. Ia juga banyak membantu dalam bidang pertahanan pemerintahan Amerika Serikat. Beberapa penelitiannya antara lain : mendeteksi pesawat terbang, menghancurkan periskop dengan senjata mesin, mendeteksi kapal selam, menghentikan torpedo dengan jaring, menaikkan kekuatan torpedo, kapal kamuflase, dan masih banyak lagi.
Ia meninggal pada usianya yang ke-84, pada hari ulang tahun penemuannya yang terkenal, bola lampu modern.



Apresiasi

Pada tahun 1928 ia menerima penghargaan berupa sebuah medali khusus dari Kongres Amerika Serikat.

Kata kebajikan yang dikenang dari Thomas Alva Edison adalah:
Jenius adalah 1 % inspirasi dan 99 % keringat. Tidak ada yang dapat menggantikan kerja keras.
Keberuntungan adalah sesuatu yang terjadi ketika kesempatan bertemu dengan kesiapan.
Saya tidak patah semangat, karena setiap usaha yang salah adalah satu langkah maju.

Dari Wikipedia bahasa Indonesia, ensiklopedia bebas